Shen Dongtong: Grasping the Opportunity and Meeting the Challenge of Innovation

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the birth of synthetic diamonds in China, I would like to express my affection by "recalling the past, artificial diamonds gave our team the opportunity to seize opportunities, meet challenges, innovate, and carry tasks with disciplines and disciplines."

one,     The period of creation - from nothing to nothing ( 1958-1966 )

Before the founding of New China, there were no professionals and departments in China to carry out research work on static and high-voltage technology, exploration of synthetic diamond crystal materials and high-pressure physics. After the founding of New China, the National Organization organized a 12-year National Science and Technology Development Planning Conference in 1956 to include high-pressure physics.

(1) On May 1, 1958, a high-pressure group chaired by He Shouan was established in the Crystallography Group to prepare necessary conditions such as synthetic diamond and bala pine. The unit leader will introduce the purchase, exchange, etc. and may get the old hydraulic press. However, the high-quality cemented carbide used in the container and the high-quality alloy steel which can improve the pressure resistance of the anvil for the outer hoop can not be solved, and is limited by the level of industrial development. Even if there was a slightly higher quality material at the time, the brand had to be optimized by experiment. There is not only a matter of time and cost. An important situation is that the compressive strength of cemented carbide is lower than the requirement, and the compressive strength is lowered when subjected to high temperature and the like. In the face of these difficulties, the high-pressure team used its own hands-on trial production of cemented carbide. First of all, the self-made hard alloy was used, and Mr. He designed the piston-cylinder high-pressure vessel, and the device was established by the Institute and the external processing. In 1959, the volumetric method was used to measure pressure up to 40,000 atmospheres. Because this container can not further increase the pressure and can not be insulated. However, such a container can be used for compression ratio testing. After that, 4×200 tons of tetrahedron (referred to as four-head) press and belt-type top anvil-pressure-type (Belt) high-pressure high-temperature container (referred to as two-sided top, ring, annual ring) were also designed. The belt-type high-pressure high-temperature vessel was built with self-made hard alloy. The pressure of the 铋, 铊, and 钡 resistors was up to the pressure of about 55,000 at the time. Nickel and graphite were used under the conditions of synthetic pressure and temperature estimated at that time. When the holding time was short, the parameters such as parameters appeared unstable and cracked, so they had to immediately cool down and turn off the electricity. It seems that the quality of the self-made cemented carbide has a problem. In 1962, the external processing parts of the 4×200-ton press were gradually completed. Under the leadership of the factory and the workers, the presses were successfully assembled and cooperated. The manual oil pump was used to drive the four anvils to the center, adding thousands of points. The table indicates the corresponding work of manual control of each single cylinder oil valve.

(2) In September 1962, the Institute of Physics decided to go to Shenyang Jianxin, the high-pressure group of the Crystal Science Laboratory, and the metal physics research group to study the metal defect and the physicochemical analysis group. And the first high-pressure metal physics research room in China was established as the sixth research room. Qian Linzhao is the director of the office, and He Shouan is the deputy director. There are four research groups, such as 601 group responsible for 1 high-pressure high-temperature technology and synthetic diamond project 2 hydrostatic technology and semiconductor electrical properties. The latter is presided over by the leader of the group, and the deputy head and the academic secretary will preside over the former. This marked the entry of the high-pressure physics research of the Institute of Physics into the formal development stage, and at the same time resumed the research work on the high-pressure technology and the synthetic diamond project, and was hosted by Mr. He and the author of this article. At that time, Mr. Qian mainly worked at the University of Science and Technology of China, so the moderator of the comprehensive work of the research room was Mr. He.

(3) After the establishment of the research laboratory, the research work on synthetic diamonds was discussed by two moderators in the following two situations: First, what is the possibility that the 4×200-ton press can meet our requirements to undertake the task? Is there a backup solution just in case? The other is what technical measures can be taken to make this press meet the requirements of our experiments. Argument result

(1) In general, the drawbar type 4×200 ton press has the characteristics of hard alloy, large mass support principle, easy to observe and install the detection device, etc., which are more in line with national conditions, more favorable support and more favorable research and development. The experiment needs. Is an advantage or a favorable aspect. However, there are also some unfavorable aspects. For example, the effective charging volume is smaller and the overall equipment is larger. When the production is put into production, the problem will be highlighted. At the same time, the tonnage of the press increases, and the mechanized automation of the cemented carbide anvil increases. Big. Of course, when the pilot is put into production, the selection of the press will be handled according to the domestic situation. However, the tight-fitting four-slope six-anvil container we are testing is promising, especially in terms of mechanical and automation in the production process will show important advantages and new ideas.

(2) As long as the advantages of the 4×200-ton press are taken and the necessary technical measures are taken, the container is required to withstand the above-mentioned 3-5 stable pressure, temperature and holding time of the artificial diamond. To this end, in addition to the commonly understood support principles and cooling techniques, special methods and techniques are needed to effectively increase the pressure, temperature and holding time of the container and its cross-parameter coordination, and reduce the main The dispersion of parameters.

(IV) Firstly, the host, Mr. He Tongcheng, Cheng Zhifu, the factory teacher and the workers, etc., installed and commissioned the 4×200-ton press, selected the triangular chamfering of the top of the anvil, and the angle and column of the outer hoop and the anvil cylinder. The body and the block outside the garden are angled to prevent stress from damaging the large-mass support effect, and at the same time, the amount of reduction of the anvil and the outer hoop is selected, which is too small and too large to support the support effect. Continue to pay attention to improve the quality of phase-change micro-resistance changes in the preparation, storage and measurement of the pressure components.

At the same time, another host and Wang Wenjun and others established a device for measuring the internal and surface friction coefficient of the pyrophyllite medium under pressure to understand the pressure and sealing of several pyrophyllites in African pyrophyllite, Qingtianshi and Mentougou in Zhejiang. Performance and selection of the heat treatment temperature of the pyrophyllite used. Carefully observe the pressure-load method calibration method, the gap between the lower three anvil junctions, the leakage of the side of the pyrophyllite. This phenomenon may damage the original support effect of the anvil. Through the pressure-temperature phase diagram of carbon and the phase diagram parameters of iron carbon and nickel carbon, the threshold values ​​and regions of diamond synthesis pressure, temperature and holding time are selected to provide necessary information and basis for constant pressure temperature and synthesis experiments.

(5) After the above technical measures were perfected in July 1963, the graphite column and the powder material (pressed with copper columns on the bench drill) were used to pressurize on the 4×200-ton press (according to the time) Published data, metal 铊 1-2 phase change pressure is 55 kPa, or 55,000 atmospheres) to 65,000 atmospheres, heating at 0-1000 ° C for 3 minutes, 1000-1400 ° C for 2 minutes, 1400-1600 ° C After 2 minutes, 1600 ° C for 2 minutes, then stepped down to 1000 ° C and then reduced to room temperature. There was no indication of severe abnormal fluctuations in the indicator needle throughout the process. When the sample was taken out, the powder was inferior to the column shape. The gypsum tetrahedron has three sides that form a gland that is significantly different from the other three. The temperature after the pressure relief of the same anvil surface is cooled to room temperature is different. The results indicate that there is still room for the anvil to withstand the parameters used in the experiment. If you can take measures to deal with the problem of pyrophyllite seals and anvil cooling, you can increase the margin. Subsequently, nickel flakes and nickel-chromium wires were obtained during the preparation of the catalyst, and one type of hard-Cornell alloy flakes was not yet raised. Soon after, a certain amount of alloy sheets such as nickel ferrochrome were obtained in an alloy factory in Qinghe. All sample contents were selected and dried by a baking lamp and placed in a drying dish for storage. In mid-August, the moderators discussed the next step and planned to use:

(1) 8 nickel and graphite column charge samples,

(2) 3 samples of nickel and graphite powder are loaded,

(3) Four samples were charged with nickel chrome iron and graphite columns. And in September, the author will preside over the whole experiment and finishing work.

(6) The division of labor was arranged by the author on September 1, 1963: Li Jiaxuan was responsible for the observation of the regulator and the indication value of the heating system. Before and after the press is loaded by Cheng Xiangrong, use the dial gauge to adjust the pressure of the oil valve to the constant value according to the experimental requirements. Wang Wenjun records the reported value and the manual pump boost value, and also plans chemical treatment fume hoods and chemical treatment supplies. The author controls the heating rate and the observation table to indicate the change and take emergency measures. The experimental sample is taken into the container and the shape observation after the pressure is taken and the reactants are taken out in the pyrophyllite block for general observation and fracture optical microscopic observation. Then, 4 types of loading samples of the third type were put into the synthesis experiment. One of them is abnormal due to fluctuations in the heating current and voltage, and measures are taken when it is difficult to determine what is the sample itself or the entire floor. Type 2 charge samples have varying degrees of abnormal heating fluctuations. The first type of loading sample 8 and the third and second types of the sample are normal. The reactant fractures in these samples can be used to write on glass and ruby ​​and also to drive silicon carbide wheels. X-ray analysis of the sample after chemical treatment revealed diamond lines, as well as other subtle lines that were not available at the time of the standard line. The crystal size is typically 20-50 microns. Still need to continue;

(1) Test the ability to withstand 70,000 atmospheres, 2000 ° C and 10-30 minutes on 4 × 200 tons of equipment.

(2) In order to obtain a charging experiment larger than 4×200 tons of charging chambers, it is possible to test the changes of larger single crystal diamond growth and abrasive grade diamond production processes. Mr. He et al. provided a sketch of 4×400 tons of hinged presses, which was arranged by the factory design department according to the formal procedures for processing or external processing, and at the same time prepared the corresponding spare parts such as carbide anvil, and provided a small tight-fitting four-slope The sketch of the six anvil containers is processed by the factory. Director Zhu Wenjun once gave us reasonable suggestions. The upper and lower four sliders were changed from the original fixed to the active ones, which not only facilitates the processing, but also facilitates the addition of electrical insulation layers, which is convenient for electric heating and pressure calibration.

(3) Improve the quality of chemical samples such as chemical treatment and X-ray analysis

(4) Preparation of raw materials and photomicroscopic devices for the change of diamond crystal state and crystallization amount in different pressures, temperatures, holding times, catalysts, and graphite purity. In October-November 1963, the authors used a tribromomethane specific gravity liquid and chemically treated the washed reactants, mixed in a glass beaker and waited for some time, and then observed by a light microscope to select fine crystals. After X-ray analysis, there are no non-diamond impurity lines, only the diamond main line.

(VII) In 1964, the synthetic diamond project team first focused on the characteristics of cemented carbide and its anvil and the facts of the trolley-type tetrahedron press. Based on the principle of mass support proposed by Bridgman, the generalized support method and technique were used. Experiments such as improving the compressive bearing capacity of the anvil, and adjusting the relevant parameters and mutual experiments show that the effect is obvious. Using this method and technology, not only stable to 6.5-70,000 atmospheres, 1800-2000 ° C, holding time of about 10-30 minutes on 4 × 200 tons of presses, but also exceeded 77,000 atmospheres twice (ie high point) Phase change pressure). On this basis, different pressures (6.0-70 million atmospheres), temperatures (1200-1650 ° C), holding time (1-12 minutes), different catalysts (nickel, nickel-chromium, nickel-chromium-iron), graphite of different purity The influence on the crystal amount and morphology of diamond ^[2-4] , and then the sample with NiCrFe alloy sheet and graphite sheet superimposed at 6.5-7.0 atm is subjected to constant pressure heating to the inside of the balance line of diamond and graphite in the phase diagram. After 1580 ° C and slowly rise to 1800 ° C, slowly drop to 1500 ° C for about 10 minutes, then cool down to room temperature and then reduce pressure. Diamond crystals have been obtained 0.3-1.5 mm, maximum 1.7 mm. X-ray analysis is a single crystal, compression test, good quality, and Wang Wenjun and others established a high-temperature melting equipment to smelt nickel-chromium-iron, nickel-chromium alloy and other catalysts. A microscopic observation camera or the like has also been established. These are all necessary preparations for the next step to provide the artificial diamonds and the production selection process to the relevant factory mines and enterprises for the tool bench test. In 1964, the Synthetic Diamond Research Group was named by the Institute of Physics in 1963 as an advanced collective. In September 1964, the team added personnel such as Wang Lijun, Chang Wenduan, Chen Liangchen, Liu Xiuying, Tang Yuming and others.

(8) In the middle of October 1964, the 3rd National Crystal Growth Conference was organized by the Chinese Physical Society and commissioned by the Institute of Physics and the Artificial Crystals (the host was Li Yunchen and Fan Chunxue respectively) in the Science Hall of Beijing Friendship Hotel. Famous physicists, physicists, crystallographers and national crystallographers, scholars and personnel from Qian Xuesen, Wu Youxun, Yan Jici and Wu Ganzhang attended the meeting. The Institute of Physics provided two academic paper reports from the artificial diamond team of the High Pressure Physics Laboratory: the first was made by Mr. He on behalf of the team as “Several Research on High Pressure and High Temperature Technology”, and the second was by the author on behalf of the team as “synthetic diamond thermodynamics and dynamics”. Several experimental studies." Its main content is also the main and important part of the National Science Conference Award and the National Science and Technology Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1978.

(9) In 1965, the 4×400-ton hinged press was built with the support and assistance of the factory. From the characteristics of phase transformation, crystallization element, nucleation and growth of synthetic diamond, refer to the experimental results and process of 1964, using secondary pressurization, section heat preservation, different holding time and other processes to load on 4×400 ton press. In the experiment with a diameter of about 10 mm, a growth trend of diamond crystals of about 2.0 mm at a pressure of 6.5-70,000 atmospheres and a maximum temperature of 2000 °C was investigated, and a single crystal diamond of up to 3.5 mm was obtained. The diameter of the 4×400 ton press was larger than that of the original press, and a larger diamond crystal of 2.0-3.5 mm was made, and artificial cubic boron nitride was successfully obtained ^[4] . However, it is worth mentioning after the application of the experiment. Although it is more compact than the chain type 4×400 ton press, it is also very inconvenient to change the pressure anvil, adjust the alignment, observe the cooling of the four anvils, etc. Insert the lock and lift the upper part of the upper pressure cylinder.

After the Third National Conference on Crystal Growth in 1964, the Ministry of Industry, such as Daqing Oilfield, Metallurgical Capital Steel Plant, and Donghuamen Factory, requested the Institute to provide synthetic diamond fine-grain crystals for impregnation drills and other applications in order to receive the transfer of results. . In addition, the Institute of Artificial Crystals of the Ministry of Building Materials has cooperated to develop a 10,000-ton (about 30,000 tons) grade bladder-type synthetic diamond press. In 1965, the artificial crystal was sent by Wang Zhian to discuss cooperation issues.

At that time, Daqing Oilfield often encountered hard strata and needed diamond drill bits very much, which could impose an international embargo on China. In order to cooperate with Daqing Oilfield to develop synthetic diamond drill bits, we promoted the production of abrasive grade synthetic diamond on a 4×200 ton drawbar press, providing 350 carats of diamonds, of which 172 carats of diamonds over 0.5 mm were tested for downhole. The Institute of Physics has promoted synthetic diamond technology and technology to industrial production departments such as Daqing Oilfield, Capital Steel Plant and Donghuamen Factory.

two,     The Cultural Revolution Period - Mechanism and Practice ( 1966-1997 )

(1) The previous work showed that the superhard materials such as synthetic diamond were artificially converted into non-diamond structural carbon (such as graphite) or graphite-like compounds (such as 60,000 boron nitride) into diamond structures existing under normal pressure. Carbon (such as sphalerite structure cubic diamond and wurtzite structure hexagonal diamond) or diamond-like structural compound (such as cubic diamond structural compound, etc.). These crystalline materials undergo phase transformation, nucleation and growth into single crystals or formation of polycrystalline agglomerates and films. At that time, the international interpretation of the crystal growth process by solvents, catalysts and solid phase conversion is still to be further discussed. As a result of our experiments, if graphite and catalyst are used in the eutectic process under high pressure and high temperature, they appear as a group of atoms with a short-range ordered structure, which interact to form the crystalline unit of diamond, and then nucleate and grow into single crystal or polycrystal. Diamonds and the like seem to be more reasonable. In the National Synthetic Diamond Symposium and High-Voltage Physics Conference held in the 1970s, the first analysis of the diamond synthesis mechanism is the (help) flux-catalytic (catalytic) viewpoint and referred to as the melting point viewpoint.

(II) From the end of 1968 to the beginning of 1969, the director of the Geological Exploration Department of the Ministry of Metallurgy, Yang Chunfa and Li Zhenqian (the reserving professional returned to the country), Wu Yuhua (specialist in the geological survey) came to talk about the abrasive grade diamond impregnated drill bit and the large particle diamond table. Insert bit cooperation issues. They also hope that the physics can develop black diamonds similar to Kabonado in order, because the geological drilling of Yanqing encounters the magnetite quartz rock is very difficult.

(3) Since the 1970s, high-pressure sintering, growth of polycrystals (known in China as polycrystalline) and exploration of higher pressure and high temperature technologies have been emphasized. On the 4×200 ton press, the nickel tube is filled with high-temperature high-temperature sintering to form a 2.0-2.5 mm polycrystalline diamond sample. The metallurgical geological exploration department of the Ministry of Metallurgy, the Guilin Metallurgical Geology Institute and the Shougang Geological Exploration Team work together. This polycrystal is made of a geological drill bit by hand-stamping the carcass. The bench test of Yanqing magnetite quartz rock at the University of Geosciences has achieved good results in drilling more than 30 meters and an average aging of 1.8 meters or more. Due to the low heat resistance of such diamonds, it is not possible to perform batch sintering of gemstones for geological exploration. For this reason, polycrystalline diamond having a heat resistance up to the temperature of 900-1000 ° C and maintaining high wear resistance is achieved. On the basis of studying the high-temperature and high-temperature sintering mechanism, the interfacial bonding method of multi-dopant strengthening polycrystals such as titanium silicon and titanium silicon boron is proposed, and polycrystalline diamond with high heat resistance is synthesized, which is 300°C higher than the international one. Or higher ^[7,16,18] . This is of great value for the production of large-sized polycrystalline superhard materials and their composites and their geological exploration, mining and oil drilling. At the same time, from the research and multistage high pressure technology similar shape massive supports running on a 4 × 1000 ton press and a high pressure above atmospheric pressure up to 100,000 and synthetic polycrystalline diamond exploratory work ^[. All of the above are major and important components such as the National Science Conference Award in 1978 and the National Academy of Sciences' Great Scientific Research Achievement Award "High Pressure Technology and Synthetic Diamond" Synthetic Diamond Drilling Technology (cooperative project recommended by the Ministry of Metallurgy). In 1971, Fang Xiaohu, the exploration room of the Guilin Geological Institute of the Ministry of Metallurgy, led a team to participate in multi- (poly) crystal diamond internships, training operations and other work.

three,     Reform and opening up - science , research and development , production and three brilliant

(1) After the Cultural Revolution, after a certain adjustment and expansion, in 1978, the Chinese Institute of Physics commissioned the Institute of Physics to host China's first high-pressure physics academic conference. The paper mainly involved high-pressure physics experiment technology including high-voltage generation and corresponding testing techniques under high pressure. The phase change and properties of the material under high pressure, superhard materials such as artificial diamond under high pressure and high temperature and its mechanism. At that time, leaders and experts engaged in the dynamic pressure and nuclear weapons technology departments, such as Cheng Kaijia and Chen Nengkuan, were warmly welcomed at the first meeting.

(2) In December 1978, the Institute of Physics established a single high-pressure physics research laboratory. Mr. He was the principal and the author was the deputy director and 601 team leader to study diamonds. This is an important reason why Mr. He used to call the old partner when introducing the author. In 1979, it decided to solve the 3,000-ton and 5,000-ton presses and expand the 6×600-ton and 4×1000-ton presses into large-scale high-pressure physics laboratories.

(3) From the 1970s to the 1980s, the 601 research group's problem of growing polycrystalline diamonds was analyzed by Chen Liangchen and others, and the distribution of the diamond stone microstructure and catalyst synthesized on a 4×200 ton press was proposed to propose thermal diffusion. And pressure diffusion equations. In 1980, polycrystalline diamond was grown by the sheet diffusion method, and the finished mold was made by Shanghai Wire Drawing Die Factory and Sichuan Southwest Electric Factory, and the copper wire drawing test of the lacquered garden was carried out to achieve the effect of the natural diamond mold. In 1984, the appraisal meeting was held. In 1987, it won the third prize and patent of the national invention.

(4) In 1984, the Institute of Physics revoked the establishment of the research laboratory and changed it to the research group. At this time, Mr. He was the leader of the high-pressure material group (503 groups), and the author was the leader of the high-pressure high-temperature diamond crystal growth group (408 groups).

(V) The experimental mechanism of synthetic diamond is still in progress and several new results are obtained: 1) The superimposed high-voltage transmission electron microscope is used to observe the stacked grating of diamond crystals and the equal-thickness stripe on the (111) side of the 1000 Ã… side ^{[10] ,25,27]} ; 2) The structural changes of graphite and cobalt before and after high pressure and high temperature were analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique ^[10,18,26] ; 3) The existence form of nickel in diamond crystal was analyzed by EXAFS technique. Coordination status ^{[10, 15, 29]} . These indicate that the flux perspective reflects the corresponding characteristics of this synthetic diamond crystal in phase transition and crystallization nucleation and growth. It may further reveal the individualized or special content of microscopic essence such as eutectic (fluxing), catalysis (catalyst) and size effect in the process of artificial diamond under high pressure and high temperature. It is industrial synthetic diamond technology, such as pressurization, heating method and sample loading. Provide evidence.

(VI) In July 1983, the delegation of high-pressure physics scientists of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Head of the head and deputy head of the delegation) attended the International High-Tech Science Conference held in the United States and visited five national laboratories. At the meeting, Mr. He made the organization and work content of static high-pressure physics in China; the author published the paper "Sintering mechanism of polycrystalline diamond under high pressure and high temperature" ^[18] . In 1983, the author was entrusted with the preparation of the High-Voltage Physics Committee of the Chinese Physical Society and submitted for approval ^[3] . The representative committee of the professional committee organizes the national high-pressure physics academic conference twice a year, and publishes the collections of Chinese and English seminars. The contents are generally divided into static high-pressure technology, super-hard materials, high-pressure physical properties, equation of state and impact compression. The publication confirmed by the Sichuan Institute of Physics, sponsored by the former Southwest Institute of Fluid Physics, was changed to the Journal of High Pressure Physics and submitted to the Chinese Physical Society for approval.

(7) The articles published since 1978 and the papers in international conferences have been discussed. The relationship between the interface binding energy and the surface free energy and interface energy of the condensed phase is emphasized. On this basis, the first research on the interface theory of condensed phase and the experimental study on polycrystalline diamond in high pressure and high temperature system, the first derivation of a universal equation of Laplace's second law and the corresponding interface combination characteristic equation. . This equation organically links the microscopic parameters on the interface with the macroscopic interface interface, and provides a basis and way for exploring the next generation of new polycrystalline diamond (including thin films) and their composite materials. The experiment of exploratory composite dopant effect was carried out on a 6×600 ton hinge device. After adjusting the relevant parameters several times, a large-grain polycrystalline diamond was finally obtained, which has diamond self-bonding and self-contained diamond with finer particles. The spheroidized dopants are interlaced in an interfacial bonding state. This polycrystalline diamond has its own unique interface characteristics compared to natural black diamond and exhibits excellent properties in preliminary applications ^[19] . After review by the Institute of Physics, the Court of Appeal was awarded the third prize of Science and Technology Progress Award of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1987, and was included in the 1988 National Major Achievement Project (a composite doped sintered polycrystalline diamond and its preparation method and use).

(VIII) The report of the progress of high-pressure physics in China will be held at the second council of the fourth session of the Society in March 1989. The progress of static high pressure physics is summarized and reported by the author. In June of the same year, the co-authors of the 409 group Lu Kunquan discussed the topic of cooperation, and the EXAFS technique was used to analyze the existence and coordination status of nickel in diamond crystals, which was to be cast ^[9,25] .

(9) In August 1989, the author was in charge of the establishment of high-pressure, super-hard materials laboratory and R&D center and special polycrystalline pilot test line, and was also the deputy of the steel research industry headquarters. The chief engineer has been employed as a researcher, professor and professor-level senior engineer. In early 1991, a new type of large particle poly (poly) crystal diamond was produced. The pilot production and the formation of commodities into the market show that this diamond-polycrystalline crystal with international advanced level has its own key technologies and equipment used for localization, and has the competitiveness of independent intellectual property rights, providing new high-grade super-hard materials and composite materials. Effective engineering technology approach. In 1991, he participated in the lecture and discussion of the transfer of high-grade coarse-grained synthetic diamond by German Winter Company at the symposium of the General Research Institute of Steel Research Institute. In 1992, the National Science and Technology Commission organized a delegation of synthetic diamonds. The Institute and Hainan Investment Corporation organized a delegation to Russia and Ukraine to investigate the research and development of synthetic diamonds and production technology. The author served as a technical consultant and Russian translator. He visited the 50,000-ton heavy-duty press of the Institute of High-Pressure Physics of the Russian (former Soviet Union) Institute and the corresponding large-scale concave high-pressure high-temperature container and synthetic diamond exhibition room; visited the Ukrainian Institute of Superhard Materials, synthetic diamond abrasive grade crystal and large Granular polycrystalline production line. In February 1995, Vinod K and Sarin invited the organizing committee to attend the 5th International Hard Materials Science Symposium to report on the interface theory. After review and recommendation to the internationally important publication "Material Science and Engineering" published in 1998, transferred to the new steel research institute Antai Technology Co., Ltd. to continue the original work, and further focus on the multi-system related theory of cohesive interface and self-contained Combines the blurring effect of the bonding state and its role in superhard materials and products, especially in polycrystalline diamonds and composites (including composites of large size and various sizes, normal and profiled products, single layer and many Layer and single multi-size and other sample products) and applications. He was hired as the project manager of ultra-hard (super-hard materials, super-hard polycrystalline) project department of Antai Powder Metallurgy Division ^[35] and consultant of the business department. He was also the director of the Superhard Materials Expert Committee of the Superhard Materials Branch of the China Machine Tool Industry Association, the director of the Superhard Expert Committee of the Industrial Diamond Information Network, and the editorial board of the Journal of Artificial Crystals. He has been invited to preside over domestic project evaluation meetings on superhard materials and products and to review relevant application fund projects. He has been employed by the China International Engineering Consulting Corporation's Metallurgical Building Materials Business Unit as an expert in the planning of the superhard materials and products industry. In 2011, he was appointed as an honorary committee member of the First Committee of the China Materials Research Society Superhard Materials and Products Committee.

Fourth, postscript

(1) I was born in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province in 1934. I graduated from Wuxi No. 1 Middle School in 1952. After a unified examination, I received a written notice to report to the Beijing Russian Specialized School in Beijing Shijiema Street. In June 1959, he graduated from the Department of Metallurgy, Department of Metallurgy, Ural Institute of Technology, the former Soviet Union. Graduation thesis title: 1 alloy steel forging process mechanism (dislocation); 2 heavy forging equipment mechanization and automation. A diploma with the title of Excellent Student and Metallurgical Technician. In June 1959, he returned to the post of graduates of the Soviet Union (going to the Ministry of Five Machines to report to the military factory in the former Soviet Union, to understand the national conditions through the internship. I am working in the technical group of the advanced special alloy steel forging and heat treatment workshop, I also understand the smelting characteristics and problems of this kind of steel. Just after the difficult period, the metal physics of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences needs an assistant. I will return to Beijing to report to the Personnel Department of the Institute of Physics.

(2) In 1956, the National Science and Technology Leaders Instructed the National Science and Technology Commission to organize discussions and formulate a 12-year national science and technology development vision. High-pressure physics, high-pressure high-temperature technology and synthetic diamonds are included in the plan.

In 1958, the Institute of Physics learned that "planning" should be realized in advance, and organized the crystallography group Wu Ganzhang and others to investigate the status of international synthetic diamonds, and established a high-pressure group in the Crystallography Group, hosted by He Shouan. Attempts to carry out high-pressure high-temperature technology and synthetic diamonds to drive the implementation of high-pressure physics in planning. This is the need of the country, the needs of the physics, the need to carry out high-pressure and high-temperature technology and synthetic diamonds, and the task-oriented discipline and science-oriented needs! The needs of the country and the needs of the physics are the opportunities that I have to grasp.

I remember that when the graduation thesis was selected in May 1958, the instructor said that synthetic diamonds should use ultra-high pressure and high temperature technology. If you want to know, you can look at the reported information. One is the Russian version of the Nobel Prize. Bridgman, who proposed high-mass support methods and techniques to design high-pressure vessels, can generate pressures higher than the highest pressures produced by free-piston pressure gauges; another is a successful report on artificial diamond experiments in English (Nature publication).

At that time, we also talked about the establishment of a high-pressure physics research room, Qian Zhengzhao researcher Ren Zheng, and He Shou'an deputy researcher as deputy director. I want to hire you as the 601 team leader, presided over high pressure high temperature technology and synthetic diamond. A concurrent academic secretary to assist Mr. He. We agreed that you are still a postgraduate student in the post of Dr. Liu, and the major is to high-pressure physics and synthetic diamond. The unit to be contacted is the Institute of High Pressure Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The instructor is Professor Vereschagin, academician of the Institute.

(3) After the Cultural Revolution, in the initial stage of the Iron and Steel Research Institute, the laboratory was responsible for the pilot production of high-grade polycrystalline diamonds. In October 1988, Mr. He asked me to summarize the progress of high-pressure physics in China (review of the past 30 years) and prepare to report on the second director of the Fourth Session of the Chinese Physical Society in March 1989. There is a situation that I would like to hear from Mr. He: Some units or individuals use the first synthetic diamond to associate this with the unit or individual.

Mr. He said that "this kind of formulation is unscientific and its meaning is imaginable."

As for the first formulation, I agree with Mr. He’s opinion, “not scientific”! It is better to mention for the first time.

According to our national conditions, it is proposed to establish high-pressure physics, high-pressure (high-temperature) technology and synthetic diamond according to the needs of the country and the national science and technology development plan, rather than a certain unit proposed by a certain unit; the funds used are especially long at that time. During the period, it was invested by the state. These are different from most countries that have reported successful foreign diamond experiments abroad. Therefore, in the same period, there are several departmental units in China that have adopted different methods, different schemes, different advantages, and some through cooking, and some have adopted the task-based disciplines and disciplines to promote (guidance) tasks with Chinese characteristics and other methods and results. Internationally announced that China's man-made (synthetic) diamonds were born, is it more true? What's more, the task that a country needs, when the state has tasked and invested in several departments in several units.

Obviously, from the perspective of investors, the excellent result is that the sectors that are invested are all blossoming, and the actual progress is the first result.