Bearing change
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Bearing change
Source: China Bearing Network Time: 2014-03-27
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However, the level of development of the bearing industry in various countries is uneven; even very disparate. Even if the conditions have, the rapid development of national and regional plans; also because of the benefits and many other aspects of thinking; not all types of production are produced without regard to economic benefits; Self-sufficiency is a very primitive idea; modern countries make it difficult for the great powers to do everything. The human society is the international community of all human beings; thinking communication; cultural communication; material communication is the trend of the general trend. Bearings International trade is the result of this pre-historical trend; it is constantly evolving.
The international trading of bearings is carried out in the footsteps of the international bearing industry. It is the same as the development of the international bearing industry; it has also experienced a number of pre-history periods that are interconnected and unique.
The first period; that is, the period of the international bearing industry; from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. At that time; bearing creation has been a while; and the industrial production of bearings has been from scratch; just started; appropriate naive, The first and foremost features are: 1 production planning. 桓龃蟪 仓 仓 惺 惺 惺 说 说 说 说 说 说 说 说 è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è— è—3 The material is mainly carbon steel; the precision is not high; the price is expensive, 4 kinds are rare; the use is very limited. This is the moment of bearing international trading; when the bearing production skills are only in the UK, Germany, Sweden, the United States, etc. A small number of companies in the hands; skills are not communicated with each other, there is no bearing production equipment; it is difficult to implement, the bearing types are too small; the use is narrow; the shopping mall is not large; the price is expensive; no one cares except the installation of the host, the output value is very small; It was sold to foreign countries; so that Japan only saw bearing samples for the first time in 1910.
The second period; the growth period of the international bearing industry; the time is about the end of the first international war to the second international war. Two international wars have affected the development of the military industry; the position in the bearing military industry is increasingly obvious; In addition, the scientific skills developed rapidly; the post-war situation was short-term stability and the urgent need for ordnance in World War II; promoted the agile growth of the international bearing industry; the first features: 1 The production planning has rapidly expanded the output value of agile addition; the output value of the primary bearing production has exceeded 35 million sets. 2 The production equipment is perfect; the skill is leading; the mass production is generally carried out in batches, and the 3 bearing materials are mainly developed to alloy steel such as chrome steel; the precision of the product is greatly improved, 4 bearing types are added; widely used in automobiles, airplanes and tanks. Armored vehicles, machine tools, instruments, appearances, bicycles, sewing machines, etc. If the first period is the exclusive period of the bearing Guosun trading, that is, during the incubation period; then this second period is the growth period of the bearing international transaction; : Because 1 production planning expansion; production value has far exceeded domestic needs, Add bearing type; the expansion plan; and then internationally bearings City Xin Cheng vertebral hand upheld Alice call blind material Boo private clever.
During the Second International War; everyone’s knowledge and attention to the bearing progressed to an unprecedented height; only from the selection of the Allied forces against the German Nazis; it can be seen that the large-scale planning cluster bombing; destroying the enemy in one fell swoop Economy; is the typical tactic of the Second International War. When it comes to Germany's hometown impact policy; the Allies believe that; in order to weaken the enemy's combat effectiveness; it is necessary to the German submarine production plant and base, aircraft production plant, bearing factory, The refinery, the rubber plant and the vehicles were bombarded with key points. The bearing factory was designated as the main bombing policy. The German bearing factory gathered in the small town of Schweinföt; therefore; in August and October 1943, it was bombed twice by the big plan. The mission is the United States, the main force of the Eighth Army. Nazi German Quartermaster Minister Albert 0? Yuxi? The monthly bombing caused the German bearing output value to drop by 38%; and the results of the October bombing caused the bearing company to be damaged 65% .
The third period; that is, the development period of the international bearing industry; the time is from the 1950s to the present; through the second international war; everyone has ushered in a peaceful era; the international economic recovery is prosperous; enabling humanity to create a new era of peaceful development. Follow the aviation Aerospace, nuclear industry, electronic computers, optical electromagnetic instruments, precision machinery and other high-tech skills are rapidly developing; the international bearing industry that expresses the current scientific and technical level enters a complete transformation and production skills; agile development; vigorously improve functions and precision; A perfect new era of pre-history. The primary features of this period are: 1 large-scale companies, company groups, and multinational companies with superb, group, and multi-million-dollar bearing companies appear in batches; bearing output increases sharply. The total output value of international bearings is only 900 million sets; in 1960, it has reached 1.8 billion sets; in 1970, it reached 4 billion sets; in 1980, it exceeded 7 billion sets; in 1990, it exceeded 10 billion sets; these years were affected by the international economic climate; Decline; but it has gradually recovered in 1995; the five years from 1996 to 2000 will present a prosperous period at the end of the century. 2 Bearings are available in all kinds; the use of tens of thousands of bearing types; extra large bearings up to 38 meters; micro-bearings as small as a few millimeters; that is, traditional single-row, double-row, multi-row ball bearings, rollers Bearings, needle bearings, tapered bearings, more smooth bearings, self-smooth bearings, angular touch bearings, transmission bearings, universal joint bearings, ultra-thin wall bearings, hub unit bearings, air bearings, linear bearings, superconducting bearings , magnetic bearing, etc.. Regarding the international trade of bearings; this period is the period of its development; during the heyday; international shopping mall planning has jumped from hundreds of millions of dollars to billions of dollars to billions of dollars. 1992 The international bearing sales amounted to 19 billion US dollars. In 1992, the international bearing sales amounted to 19 billion US dollars; in 1997 it is expected to reach 28 to 30 billion US dollars. In this period, the international trade of bearings has become a full-scale; large interspersed, multi-channel Widely covered international shopping malls. Calculated in actual conditions in 1992; in international bearing shopping malls; 1% in Latin America; 24% in North America; 1% in Africa and the Middle East; 33% in Asia and the Pacific; Eastern Europe accounts for 11%; Western Europe accounts for 31%. Developed countries such as North America, Japan and Western Europe account for 73% of shopping malls. Among developing countries; Mexico, Brazil and China, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, etc. are developing rapidly; Great strength.
Following the changes of the international situation; international bearing transactions from scratch; from small to large; countries have tasted the joys and sorrows; exhausted 18 martial arts; made all the stops; experienced many difficult changes.
In the first period; that is, during the incubation period of bearing international transactions; the bearing is at the beginning of the land; the producer is regarded as a gem; it is not allowed to change hands and people, and the quantity is limited; there is no remaining deposits and loans available, it needs no fire; the price is high; It is daunting; therefore, the bearing mall is only swaying on the mother's belly; it is called the precursor of the bearing transaction; it is the extremely strict and very confidential transfer of skills (skilled to set up a joint venture company). At best it can only be said to be a bearing The period of international transactions; the countries have not adopted the strategy and tactics.
The second period; that is, the growth period of bearing international transactions; followed by the development of the international bearing industry; the common effects of bearings have been widely known; especially with the modernization of the battle techniques; each country is in urgent need of bearings; eager to establish the bearing industry; Therefore, a large number of bearing factories have been presented in various countries. International bearing transactions; both spot trading; futures trading; and barter transactions; both spot trading; futures trading; Re-export transactions, etc., especially in the second international war; bearings have been listed as strategic materials; members of the Axis and Allied countries have tried to get the urgently needed types of bearings; they have to avoid the containment; secret transportation; and even equipment Escort. However, countries have only adopted the method of encouraging imports and restricting imports from the concept of the campaign; there has been no action to build tariff barriers to protect their own industries. Overall, the order of transactions is chaotic; However, the competition is not intense; the international transaction amount of bearings is also very limited.
In the third period; the international bearing industry is now a climate; the small bearings as parts and components are now one-of-a-kind, quite planned, and can not be underestimated. The ç 耪嬲 ç 耪嬲 岢忻骋 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 亩 6 6 . . . Control a small number of international companies 90% of a number of multinational companies such as Sweden SKF; Germany FAG, INA; US TORRINGTON, TIMKEN; Japan NSK, NTN, KOYO, MMB, NACHI and other skills leading, complete techniques, planning, and strength; The bearing materials of various Japanese companies are of high quality and low price; they have a competitive advantage; and they produce a wide variety of products; high-precision and thin-lead bearings are hoarded; they occupy the dominant position of shopping malls; many of them promote the general bearing products abroad, especially in developing countries. Many bearing companies in most international countries, which account for only a few percent of international shopping malls, are backward in skill; lack of techniques; small planning and low performance; poor power; low quality raw materials; The side will destroy the domestic bearing industry; and the financial resources can not afford it. Therefore, some countries have adopted the method of conservative trading; constraining long-line bearings Import; its most common method is to improve tariffs. On the one hand, the competition in the bearing market is intensifying; on the one hand, the trading friction is constant; the national trading strategy of bearings has undergone a serious transformation.
Since the beginning of the 1960s, the top ten bearing companies have begun to change from the simple export of bearing products, equipment, and skills to the induction of export bearing factories. In particular, major Japanese companies are scrambling. The primary users of large electromechanical companies in Japan In foreign countries; attributed to a typical export-oriented company; Japan's square inch; shopping malls are unfortunate; so; automobile factories, motorcycle factories, machine tool factories, motor factories, electrical factories have moved abroad. Bearings are components after all; The main engine factory is moved abroad; the main engine factory has moved abroad; the parts factory has to follow up; this is one of the reasons, the second reason is the promotion of the above-mentioned transaction conflict; the direct export bearing is not pleased; the small loss; the third reason; All countries are eager to carry out the economy; they are encouraged to attract foreign skills and funds are written into the country; they have drawn up a series of preferential policies; they have set up factories in these countries; they can enjoy many advantages; they are also farewell; the conflicts are naturally exempted, the fourth reason; Most of the countries in the fixed plant have sufficient manpower and land resources to sell; and the malls are vast; the factories are built on the spot; According to local conditions; on the real estate sales; it is indeed a Jiejing. So; compete with the law; the fifth reason is; these years, international financial malls are raging; exchange rate rise and fall; foreign factories set up factories to sell and sell; According to the calculation of materials; the international top ten bearing companies have set up many production bases in international countries; some have also moved the domestic stale production lines abroad; the domestic unsuitable production types have been transferred abroad; this has caused There is no air inside the country; in fact, the country’s economy has gained advantages. Although it is only from the export figures; some companies have declined; in fact, some companies such as NSK, NTN, etc. have 20~30% of bearings in Produced abroad for sale.
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