Example analysis of ground source heat pump design and operation costs

As a new branch of heat pump technology, ground source heat pumps have gained widespread adoption in recent years due to their energy efficiency and environmental benefits. This system leverages the stable thermal properties of the earth to provide heating and cooling. During winter, it absorbs heat from the ground through underground pipes and uses it as a low-temperature heat source for the heat pump cycle, delivering warmth to buildings. In summer, the cooler subterranean environment allows the condenser to operate at lower temperatures, increasing the system’s efficiency compared to traditional air conditioners that rely on outdoor air for heat rejection. Since the ground source heat pump only requires electricity to operate the compressor, it is considered a clean energy solution when the electricity comes from renewable sources. Unlike conventional heating systems, it eliminates the need for boilers or fuel combustion, reducing urban pollution and making it ideal for areas with limited infrastructure. It is particularly beneficial in remote locations such as highway toll stations, research facilities, and border posts where traditional heating and cooling methods are not feasible. This paper analyzes the design and operational performance of the ground source heat pump system at the Jingang Expressway toll station. The study covers load calculations, indoor and outdoor system designs, and operating costs. The toll station has a total area of 871 square meters, including office spaces, a restaurant, and seven toll booths. Using ASHRAE guidelines, the cooling load was calculated at 120 W/m² for main buildings and 220 W/m² for the booths, resulting in a peak cooling demand of 113 kW. For heating, the load was estimated at 100 W/m² and 120 W/m², leading to a maximum heating load of 92 kW. The indoor system uses fan coil units to provide individual climate control, while the outdoor system features vertical U-shaped ground loops. Based on the heat release calculation, 45 wells, each 100 meters deep, were required. The site had sufficient space, allowing for additional structures like parking or greenery without affecting functionality. Operating costs were analyzed over a typical year, considering different electricity pricing tiers (peak, valley, and flat). With a COP of 4.5 in summer and 4.1 in winter, the system significantly outperformed conventional air conditioners, which had a COP of 2.9 in cooling and 2.2 in heating. Under similar conditions, the ground source heat pump saved approximately 63% in energy costs. In conclusion, the ground source heat pump system offers higher efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and long-term cost savings. Its ability to utilize stable underground temperatures makes it an excellent choice for sustainable building climate control.

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