Camera ISP Technology
2023-10-30 19:07:46
ISP technology is a camera-specific technology and is a technology that converts data captured by a camera in accordance with the requirements of human vision. The goal is to make the video or picture suitable for human eyes. Generally contains a lot of function modules, each module will be for the original data of a problem to be adjusted accordingly, like noise reduction module can reduce the noise interference, color adjustment module can make the image color more natural and so on. In recent years, with the advancement of network technology and the development of high-definition cameras, people's image quality requirements for cameras have been continuously improved, and ISP technology has also progressed accordingly.
The importance of image quality
The customer's requirements for image quality increase, requiring a clearer look, a broader view, and more viewing.
The video resolution in the simulation era was insufficient, and customers had to be limited by the fog-like visual effects. Now with the popularity of megapixel HD cameras, customers expect to see more detail, greater visibility, and more color and brightness information.
First of all, today's cameras must contain a wealth of details, to be able to clearly distinguish the face, license plates and other objects, which requires the ISP technology constantly challenge the resolution limit. At the same time, the sharpness test in camera evaluation at home and abroad is also an important link, which also illustrates the importance of clarity from another aspect. This requires manufacturers to continuously improve the algorithm modules such as Debayer, noise reduction, and edge enhancement, as well as the previous cooperation of these modules to improve the overall clarity of the camera.
Secondly, today's cameras must have a broader perspective. Customers want to achieve the monitoring effect of multiple cameras on a single camera. To achieve this, camera manufacturers sometimes use more wide-angle lenses and even fisheye lenses. This wide-angle lens can indeed have a broader perspective, but it will inevitably lead to distortion of the edge image, which in turn puts new requirements on ISP technology - to support correction of lens distortion or fisheye lens correction.
Furthermore, cameras must now be able to see more. ISP technology must improve the adaptability in various scenarios by improving the technology. For example, in ultra-low illumination, it is also necessary to be able to display as much brightness/color information as possible. This requires the ISP technology to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the image by using two-dimensional noise reduction, three-dimensional noise reduction, and low-light stretching, and the signal-to-noise ratio is extremely low. The illumination can also provide customers with enough information. For example, in some door machine or building monitoring, often encounter wide dynamic scenes, dynamic range is very large, the average ordinary camera can not capture the details of the dark and light at the same time, which requires ISP technology to support wide dynamic function module And improve the dynamic wide dynamic range.
The demand for data processing increases the amount of data that the ISP needs to handle, and the complexity increases. Since entering the era of high-definition, the number of pixels of the camera and the real-time nature of the video have been continuously improved, megapixels have become the basic configuration, and megapixel cameras can also be found in the market. At the same time, customers have higher and higher requirements on the real-time performance of video, and generally require 30 frames, 60 frames, or even 120 frames per second. More pixels are multiplied by more frames, which makes the amount of data that the ISP system needs to handle increase dramatically. This requires the continuous improvement of the data processing capability of the ISP technology.
The hardware used by each manufacturer to implement ISP generally has a dedicated DSP, ASIC architecture, or FPGA chip. These methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, but the complexity is significantly increased when the amount of data handled is drastically increased. How to control hardware cost, power consumption, and volume while increasing complexity has become a technical difficulty for these manufacturers, making it possible to reduce the number of manufacturers that can make their own ISP systems.
Enhance the ISP function ISP's additional functions are not enough to become the project's control punctuation point, and all manufacturers generally have.
Two years ago, some large manufacturers can also use special ISP technologies, such as wide dynamics, three-dimensional noise reduction, defogging, anti-shake, or strong light suppression to perform major project control, so that small manufacturers can not join the project. competition. But now these functions are not enough to become a control point, and most manufacturers already have these features.
In order to take the lead in the project, the manufacturers must improve the effectiveness of these ISP functions. For example, the requirement for wide dynamic contrast is not only to compare the effects of ordinary wide dynamic scenes, but also to compare the wide dynamic range of the limit, the difference in detail between light and dark parts, and whether the colors are true and natural. Another example is that the three-dimensional noise reduction function can no longer be satisfied with comparing whether there is such a function, but also compare the noise effect under very low illumination and the motion blur of the dynamic scene.
The signal-to-noise ratio and the bitstream compression ratio SNR and bitstream compression ratio are the most critical. In the camera technology, the decision-making index still needs to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the compression rate of the code stream, and ISP technology must continue to improve in these two aspects.
SNR is the ratio of useful information and useless noise obtained by customers. It is the most direct measure of camera information acquisition efficiency. This parameter is one of the most important indicators of cameras since the age of analog cameras. In recent years, the camera's signal to noise ratio has been greatly improved, most of which are the contributions of the photosensitive component manufacturers. ISP technology also made a certain contribution in it, such as better Debayer algorithm and better 3D noise reduction algorithm, all obviously improved the SNR of the camera, brought us more details and less noise. .
The bitstream compression ratio is also an indicator that customers are eager to improve. It has great significance for network transmission and storage performance. In recent years, improvements in codec standards have resulted in very large bitstream compression rates. From the outdated H.263 to the most recent mainstream H.264, to the soon-to-be-produced H.265, every improvement in the codec specification is for us. Reduced half of the stream. This means that the network that could only transmit standard-definition video can transmit high-definition video without hardware modification, and it means that the storage device that could only store one month can be stored for two months. By improving noise reduction algorithms, enhancement algorithms, etc., ISP can also make the code stream lower without loss of picture quality.
Concluding remarks ISP technology is another technology-intensive module following the coding and decoding technology. Each chip manufacturer and camera manufacturer are engaged in fierce competition. Who can provide better picture quality and provide customers with better image processing capabilities, who will be able to take the lead in the market.
The importance of image quality
The customer's requirements for image quality increase, requiring a clearer look, a broader view, and more viewing.
The video resolution in the simulation era was insufficient, and customers had to be limited by the fog-like visual effects. Now with the popularity of megapixel HD cameras, customers expect to see more detail, greater visibility, and more color and brightness information.
First of all, today's cameras must contain a wealth of details, to be able to clearly distinguish the face, license plates and other objects, which requires the ISP technology constantly challenge the resolution limit. At the same time, the sharpness test in camera evaluation at home and abroad is also an important link, which also illustrates the importance of clarity from another aspect. This requires manufacturers to continuously improve the algorithm modules such as Debayer, noise reduction, and edge enhancement, as well as the previous cooperation of these modules to improve the overall clarity of the camera.
Secondly, today's cameras must have a broader perspective. Customers want to achieve the monitoring effect of multiple cameras on a single camera. To achieve this, camera manufacturers sometimes use more wide-angle lenses and even fisheye lenses. This wide-angle lens can indeed have a broader perspective, but it will inevitably lead to distortion of the edge image, which in turn puts new requirements on ISP technology - to support correction of lens distortion or fisheye lens correction.
Furthermore, cameras must now be able to see more. ISP technology must improve the adaptability in various scenarios by improving the technology. For example, in ultra-low illumination, it is also necessary to be able to display as much brightness/color information as possible. This requires the ISP technology to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the image by using two-dimensional noise reduction, three-dimensional noise reduction, and low-light stretching, and the signal-to-noise ratio is extremely low. The illumination can also provide customers with enough information. For example, in some door machine or building monitoring, often encounter wide dynamic scenes, dynamic range is very large, the average ordinary camera can not capture the details of the dark and light at the same time, which requires ISP technology to support wide dynamic function module And improve the dynamic wide dynamic range.
The demand for data processing increases the amount of data that the ISP needs to handle, and the complexity increases. Since entering the era of high-definition, the number of pixels of the camera and the real-time nature of the video have been continuously improved, megapixels have become the basic configuration, and megapixel cameras can also be found in the market. At the same time, customers have higher and higher requirements on the real-time performance of video, and generally require 30 frames, 60 frames, or even 120 frames per second. More pixels are multiplied by more frames, which makes the amount of data that the ISP system needs to handle increase dramatically. This requires the continuous improvement of the data processing capability of the ISP technology.
The hardware used by each manufacturer to implement ISP generally has a dedicated DSP, ASIC architecture, or FPGA chip. These methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, but the complexity is significantly increased when the amount of data handled is drastically increased. How to control hardware cost, power consumption, and volume while increasing complexity has become a technical difficulty for these manufacturers, making it possible to reduce the number of manufacturers that can make their own ISP systems.
Enhance the ISP function ISP's additional functions are not enough to become the project's control punctuation point, and all manufacturers generally have.
Two years ago, some large manufacturers can also use special ISP technologies, such as wide dynamics, three-dimensional noise reduction, defogging, anti-shake, or strong light suppression to perform major project control, so that small manufacturers can not join the project. competition. But now these functions are not enough to become a control point, and most manufacturers already have these features.
In order to take the lead in the project, the manufacturers must improve the effectiveness of these ISP functions. For example, the requirement for wide dynamic contrast is not only to compare the effects of ordinary wide dynamic scenes, but also to compare the wide dynamic range of the limit, the difference in detail between light and dark parts, and whether the colors are true and natural. Another example is that the three-dimensional noise reduction function can no longer be satisfied with comparing whether there is such a function, but also compare the noise effect under very low illumination and the motion blur of the dynamic scene.
The signal-to-noise ratio and the bitstream compression ratio SNR and bitstream compression ratio are the most critical. In the camera technology, the decision-making index still needs to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and the compression rate of the code stream, and ISP technology must continue to improve in these two aspects.
SNR is the ratio of useful information and useless noise obtained by customers. It is the most direct measure of camera information acquisition efficiency. This parameter is one of the most important indicators of cameras since the age of analog cameras. In recent years, the camera's signal to noise ratio has been greatly improved, most of which are the contributions of the photosensitive component manufacturers. ISP technology also made a certain contribution in it, such as better Debayer algorithm and better 3D noise reduction algorithm, all obviously improved the SNR of the camera, brought us more details and less noise. .
The bitstream compression ratio is also an indicator that customers are eager to improve. It has great significance for network transmission and storage performance. In recent years, improvements in codec standards have resulted in very large bitstream compression rates. From the outdated H.263 to the most recent mainstream H.264, to the soon-to-be-produced H.265, every improvement in the codec specification is for us. Reduced half of the stream. This means that the network that could only transmit standard-definition video can transmit high-definition video without hardware modification, and it means that the storage device that could only store one month can be stored for two months. By improving noise reduction algorithms, enhancement algorithms, etc., ISP can also make the code stream lower without loss of picture quality.
Concluding remarks ISP technology is another technology-intensive module following the coding and decoding technology. Each chip manufacturer and camera manufacturer are engaged in fierce competition. Who can provide better picture quality and provide customers with better image processing capabilities, who will be able to take the lead in the market.
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