Fasteners are essential components in both home and industrial applications, with over 40,000 different types and millions of variations available globally. These small but critical parts are used in a wide range of environments and conditions—some of which are extremely harsh. For example, industrial profile fittings, connectors, and other key components must perform reliably under high temperatures, high pressure, low temperatures, shock, corrosion, heavy loads, alternating stress, shear forces, and torsional resistance. Given the critical role they play, any failure in fasteners can lead to serious accidents. Therefore, careful material selection is vital to ensure their performance and safety.
Many domestic fastener manufacturers face challenges due to product quality issues, resulting in increased customer complaints and claims. A significant portion of these problems stem from substandard materials. As a result, selecting the right materials for fasteners has become a growing concern among companies in the industry.
According to Shen Gong, a materials consultant with the Fastener Professional Association under the China Machinery General Components Industry Association, although China is one of the world's largest producers of steel, the development of fastener-specific steel has lagged. The specifications for cold heading steel are limited and often fail to meet the growing domestic and export demands. Additionally, many steel grades such as G3506, G3507, G4105, and ASTM standards are commonly used in the production and circulation of cold heading steels, highlighting the need for improved material standards and greater awareness in the industry.
Universal Tensile Testing Machine
A Universal Tensile Testing Machine, also known as a universal testing machine (UTM) or a materials testing machine, is a versatile instrument used to determine the mechanical properties of materials. It is commonly used in industries such as manufacturing, construction, and research laboratories.
The machine applies tension, compression, bending, and shear forces to test the strength, elasticity, and durability of various materials such as metals, plastics, textiles, rubber, ceramics, and composites. It can measure parameters such as tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, and fracture toughness.
A typical UTM consists of a load frame, grips or fixtures to hold the specimen, a load cell or force transducer to measure the applied force, and a displacement transducer to measure the deformation or displacement of the specimen. The machine is controlled by a computer or a control unit that allows the user to set the testing parameters and record the test data.
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