Solar panel material
Currently, crystalline silicon—comprising both polycrystalline and monocrystalline forms—is the most widely used photovoltaic material, holding a market share of over 90%. This dominance is expected to continue for the foreseeable future, as it remains the primary material for solar cell production. The manufacturing process for polysilicon has historically been controlled by just ten factories operated by seven major companies across the U.S., Japan, and Germany, creating a situation of technological control and market concentration.
The demand for polysilicon comes primarily from two sectors: semiconductors and solar energy. Depending on the required purity levels, polysilicon is categorized into electronic-grade and solar-grade. Electronic-grade polysilicon accounts for approximately 55% of total consumption, while solar-grade makes up around 45%. However, with the rapid expansion of the photovoltaic industry, the growth rate of solar-grade polysilicon demand has outpaced that of its semiconductor counterpart. By 2008, it is projected that the demand for solar-grade polysilicon will surpass that of electronic-grade polysilicon.
This shift highlights the increasing importance of solar energy in the global energy mix. In 1994, global solar cell production was only 69 megawatts (MW), but by 2004, it had surged to nearly 1,200 MW—an increase of over 17 times within a decade. Industry experts believe that the solar photovoltaic sector is on track to become one of the most critical sources of energy in the first half of the 21st century, potentially overtaking nuclear power in significance.
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