Perfect fastening of special hardness components for large facilities

The steel and ladle of this project weigh Sa Z000kN, generating a significant overturning moment on the 4.5m cantilever structure commonly used in China. This massive force is transferred to the base bolts and the foundation, placing critical demands on their strength and tightening force. The anchor bolts are arranged in a small diameter or only a few along the circumference, making their proper control essential for the safe and stable operation of the equipment. As a self-weight static load, the device maintains symmetrical balance and does not create an overturning moment. However, when the fully filled steel is placed on the cantilever support during production, a maximum transient torque is generated, which is then converted into a rotational force around the center of rotation. Considering the overload factor and the long-term dynamic load effects, the design must account for these variations to ensure structural integrity. One of the most distinctive features of this heavy equipment is the large tilting moment caused by the working load. Once loaded, both tension and compression zones develop within the frame structure, creating complex stress distributions that require careful analysis. The force plane formed by the anchor bolts and the base can be considered as a column subjected to eccentric loading. In this case, the bolt units experience tension while the base undergoes compression. The principle of balancing external torque aligns with the internal force distribution pattern observed in beam-column sections. Bolts and foundations designed for a service life of more than 25 years under normal operating conditions are expected to meet fatigue strength requirements. Due to space limitations, the discussion on constraint conditions will be presented separately. This paper focuses on the circumferentially arranged bolt group, deriving the combined anti-moment modulus and calculating the target condition for optimizing the tightening force of the bolts. To avoid excessive tightening force, which may lead to bolt failure, or insufficient force, which reduces joint rigidity and causes slack, a practical method for determining this critical parameter is described. For bolts subjected solely to tensile loads, the tensile deformation of the bolt and the frame's slack deformation are analyzed. The CLZ (Combined Load Zone) is calculated to determine the maximum and minimum stresses in the bolt, laying the groundwork for further evaluation of fatigue strength and the characteristics of the connection technology. The key parameters related to the elastic curve of the bolt and frame connection play a crucial role in tightening force optimization and ensuring long-term fatigue resistance. These considerations are common across similar types of equipment that experience large overturning moments. To prevent tipping accidents and ensure reliable long-term operation, a thorough investigation of these factors is necessary.

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