Solar panel material
Crystalline silicon remains the dominant material in the photovoltaic industry, with a market share exceeding 90%. This includes both polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon, which are expected to continue as the main materials for solar cells for many years to come. Historically, the production of polysilicon has been controlled by just a few major companies—seven firms across three countries, including the U.S., Japan, and Germany. These companies have maintained a tight grip on the technology, leading to a situation of technical barriers and market dominance.
The demand for polysilicon is mainly driven by two sectors: semiconductors and solar energy. Depending on the required purity level, polysilicon is categorized into electronic-grade and solar-grade. Electronic-grade polysilicon accounts for about 55% of the market, while solar-grade makes up the remaining 45%. However, with the rapid expansion of the photovoltaic industry, the growth rate of solar-grade polysilicon demand has outpaced that of the semiconductor sector. By 2008, it was anticipated that solar-grade polysilicon would surpass electronic-grade in terms of demand.
Looking back, the global solar cell output was just 69 MW in 1994, but by 2004, it had surged to nearly 1,200 MW—an increase of over 17 times in just a decade. This exponential growth highlights the transformative potential of solar energy. Experts believe that the photovoltaic industry will become one of the most significant sources of energy in the 21st century, potentially overtaking nuclear power as a key energy source in the first half of the century.
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